Which of the following is an example of a psychological defense mechanism?

Denial is a classic example of a psychological defense mechanism, which involves refusing to accept reality or facts. This mechanism often serves as a way for individuals to cope with uncomfortable or distressing emotions and facts by simply disregarding them. For instance, a person who struggles with substance abuse may insist that they do not have a problem, ultimately protecting themselves from the anxiety associated with acknowledging their addiction.

In contrast, the other options do not function as defense mechanisms. Assertiveness is a communication style that involves expressing one's needs and thoughts in a respectful and confident manner. Empathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, facilitating deeper emotional connections and support. Introspection involves examining one's own thoughts and feelings, leading to greater self-awareness and understanding. These concepts contribute positively to personal development and interpersonal relationships, unlike defense mechanisms, which often serve as avoidance strategies in the face of psychological stressors.